As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Adobe d C Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. >> According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). /Type /Page Payment Details. Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. Excellent, thanks a lot f This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. The disadvantages are that it can set off a race to the bottom among states, cause cross-state economic and social disparities, and obstruct federal efforts . Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. The Plural nature of Nigeria. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. It is our pleasure. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. % Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. s" By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. This duplicity of government is not alien to a federal structure as identified, except that in the Nigerian case, there is ineffable strife for dominance. It should be noted, however, that the Leagues significantly differ from modern federations in one respect: namely, while the various governments freely interacted, no prosperous direct contact between the populace of the various governments was permitted. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! Moreover, To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). welcome, and thanks for reading us. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. 74 . Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. This is why there is a clamoring for restructuring and true federalism in Nigeria. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. (Tanzi, 1996). Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. (eds. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. 4 0 obj Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. *$( %2%(,-/0/#484.7*./. C It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. 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Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. |4-Iv This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . << If you answer to the above questions is no, then you lucky to be here. /Filter /DCTDecode The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. /F5 18 0 R Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Federalism as a system of government has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. This is also one of the reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. /Type /XObject It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. 3. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. ! We appreciate you. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. /Filter /FlateDecode 3 0 obj 2. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . The USSR was an example of this type of federalism. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Rt. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. Your email address will not be published. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. 2. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. /Contents 4 0 R In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. /Width 371 History of federal system of government in nigeria. Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. The chief architect of this theory is Riker.
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